
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.02, sd = 13.31)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.1, sd = 2.23)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity            & 1.703$^{***}$ & 1.036$^{***}$ & 1.056$^{***}$ & 1.293$^{***}$ & 0.208$^{***}$ & 0.092$^{***}$ & 0.093$^{***}$ & 0.072$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.322)       & (0.221)       & (0.227)       & (0.182)       & (0.051)       & (0.033)       & (0.034)       & (0.020)\\   
   Population                   &               & 3.376$^{***}$ & 3.397$^{***}$ & 4.302$^{***}$ &               & 0.586$^{***}$ & 0.595$^{***}$ & 0.761$^{***}$\\   
                                &               & (0.703)       & (0.720)       & (0.753)       &               & (0.122)       & (0.124)       & (0.132)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 1.036$^{***}$ & 0.355         & 0.363         & 0.555$^{***}$ & 0.124$^{***}$ & 0.000         & 0.000         & -0.004\\   
                                & (0.217)       & (0.239)       & (0.246)       & (0.200)       & (0.032)       & (0.038)       & (0.039)       & (0.034)\\   
   Predicted population         &               & 2.592$^{***}$ & 2.608$^{***}$ & 1.880$^{*}$   &               & 0.470$^{***}$ & 0.477$^{***}$ & 0.399$^{*}$\\   
                                &               & (0.751)       & (0.771)       & (0.950)       &               & (0.138)       & (0.142)       & (0.210)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.589$^{***}$ & 1.019$^{***}$ & 1.037$^{***}$ & 1.124$^{***}$ & 0.310$^{***}$ & 0.232$^{***}$ & 0.216$^{***}$ & 0.082$^{*}$\\   
                                         & (0.297)       & (0.228)       & (0.235)       & (0.185)       & (0.088)       & (0.083)       & (0.080)       & (0.044)\\   
   Population                            &               & 3.274$^{***}$ & 3.300$^{***}$ & 5.828$^{**}$  &               & 0.192$^{***}$ & 0.275$^{***}$ & 0.757$^{***}$\\   
                                         &               & (0.699)       & (0.716)       & (2.172)       &               & (0.063)       & (0.074)       & (0.216)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 324           & 420; 96       & 420; 96       & 384; 42       & 324           & 420; 96       & 420; 96       & 384; 42\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.652$^{***}$ & 0.650$^{***}$ & 0.649$^{***}$ & 0.638$^{***}$ &  & -0.094$^{***}$ & -0.094$^{***}$ & -0.028$^{**}$ \\
                                & (0.036)       & (0.039)       & (0.039)       & (0.043)       &  & (0.025)        & (0.025)        & (0.010)       \\
   Predicted population         &               & 0.006         & 0.007         & -0.120$^{**}$ &  & 0.790$^{***}$  & 0.788$^{***}$  & 0.346$^{***}$ \\
                                &               & (0.025)       & (0.025)       & (0.051)       &  & (0.094)        & (0.096)        & (0.070)       \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends      &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 19,482,016    & 19,482,016    & 19,482,016    & 19,482,016    & 19,482,016    & 19,482,016    & 19,482,016    & 19,482,016\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


